(2017 United States Census Estimates ). Total122,696,385SouthernerThe southern United States, also known as the American South, or simply the South, is a of the. It is located between the and the, with the and to its north and the and to its south.The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the in the. The is fully located in the southeastern corner. And, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries. While the states of and, as well as the, permitted slavery prior to and during the Civil War, they remained with the. Since the of the 1960s, they became more culturally, economically, and politically aligned with the industrial, and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations, but the puts them in the South.Usually, the South is defined as including the and United States.
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The region is known for its and, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and, which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States. The highlands of inAs defined by the, the Southern of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty seven percent of all U.S. Residents, lived in the South, the nation's most populous region. Main article: Native American culture The first well-dated evidence of human occupation in the south United States occurs around 9500 BC with the appearance of the earliest documented Americans, who are now referred to as.
Paleoindians were hunter-gathers that roamed in bands and frequently hunted. Several cultural stages, such as Archaic (ca. 8000–1000 BC) and the Woodland (ca.
1000 BC – AD 1000), preceded what the Europeans found at the end of the 15th century—the.The Mississippian culture was a complex, mound-building culture that flourished in what is now the southeastern United States from approximately 800 AD to 1500 AD. Natives had elaborate and lengthy trading routes connecting their main residential and ceremonial centers extending through the river valleys and from the East Coast to the Great Lakes. Some noted explorers who encountered and described the Mississippian culture, by then in decline, included (1528), (1540), and (1699).Native American descendants of the mound-builders include, and peoples, all of whom still reside in the South.Other peoples whose ancestral links to the Mississippian culture are less clear but were clearly in the region before the European incursion include the and the.European colonization.
Seen here on his plantation, teaching Creek Native Americans how to use European technology (painted in 1805)European immigration caused a, whose immune systems could not protect them from the the Europeans unwittingly introduced.The predominant culture of the original Southern states was. In the 17th century, most voluntary immigrants were of origin, and settled chiefly along the eastern coast but had pushed as far inland as the by the 18th century. The majority of early English settlers were, who gained freedom after working off their passage.
The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights, to encourage settlement.The Spanish and French established settlements in,. The Spanish settled Florida in the 16th century, reaching a peak in the late 17th century, but the population was small because the Spaniards were relatively uninterested in agriculture, and Florida had no mineral resources.In the British colonies, immigration began in 1607 and continued until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775. Settlers cleared land, built houses and outbuildings, and on their own farms. The Southern rich owned large that dominated export agriculture and used slaves.
Many were involved in the labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco, the first cash crop of Virginia. Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly, requiring that farmers regularly clear new fields. They used old fields as pasture, and for crops such as corn wheat, or allowed them to grow into woodlots.In the mid-to-late-18th century, large groups of (later called the ) and people from the region immigrated and settled in the back country of and the. They were the largest group of non-English immigrants from the before the.
In the, 34% of Southerners reported that they were of English ancestry; English was the largest reported European ancestry in every Southern state by a large margin.The early colonists engaged in, and cultural exchanges. Those living in the backcountry were more likely to encounter, and and other regional native groups.The oldest university in the South, the, was founded in 1693 in Virginia; it pioneered in the teaching of and educated future U.S. Presidents, and, all from Virginia. Indeed, the entire region dominated politics in the era: for example, four of the first five —, and —were from Virginia. The two oldest public universities are also in the South: the (1789) and the (1785).American Revolution. 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the inWith Virginia in the lead, the Southern colonies embraced the, providing such leaders as commander in chief, and the author of the Declaration of Independence,.In 1780 and 1781, the British largely halted reconquest of the northern states, and concentrated on the south, where they were told there was a large Loyalist population ready to leap to arms once the royal forces arrived.
The British took control of Savannah and Charleston, capturing a large American army in the process, and set up a network of bases inland. There were many more Loyalists in the South than in the North, but they were concentrated in larger coastal cities and were not great enough in number to overcome the revolutionaries. Large numbers of loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the. The British forces at the and the consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer. Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the in Virginia.
Led by and other generals, the Americans engaged in designed to wear down the British invasion force, and to neutralize its strong points one by one. There were numerous battles large and small, with each side claiming some victories. By 1781, however, British moved north to Virginia, where an approaching army forced him to fortify and await rescue by the British Navy. The British Navy did arrive, but so did a stronger French fleet, and Cornwallis was trapped. American and French armies, led by Washington, forced Cornwallis to surrender his entire army in in October 1781, effectively winning the North American part of the war.The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South.
Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom, catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia's promise of freedom for service. Many others were removed by Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the Empire. Between 1770 and 1790, there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks – from 61% percent to 44% in South Carolina and from 45% to 36% in Georgia.In addition, some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution. They were moved by the principles of the Revolution, and Quaker and Methodist preachers worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves.
Planters such as often freed slaves by their wills. In the upper South, more than 10 percent of all blacks were free by 1810, a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1 percent free. Antebellum years. On a plantation (, circa 1790)became dominant in the lower South after 1800. After the invention of the cotton gin, short staple cotton could be grown more widely. This led to an explosion of cotton cultivation, especially in the frontier uplands of Georgia, Alabama and other parts of the Deep South, as well as riverfront areas of the Mississippi Delta. Migrants poured into those areas in the early decades of the 19th century, when county population figures rose and fell as swells of people kept moving west.
The expansion of cotton cultivation required more slave labor, and the institution became even more deeply an integral part of the South's economy.With the opening up of frontier lands after the government forced most Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi, there was a major migration of both whites and blacks to those territories. From the 1820s through the 1850s, more than one million enslaved Africans were transported to the Deep South in forced migration, two-thirds of them by slave traders and the others by masters who moved there.
Planters in the Upper South sold slaves excess to their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture. Many enslaved families were broken up, as planters preferred mostly strong males for field work.Two major political issues that festered in the first half of the 19th century caused political alignment along sectional lines, strengthened the identities of North and South as distinct regions with certain strongly opposed interests, and fed the arguments over states' rights that culminated in secession and the Civil War.
One of these issues concerned the protective tariffs enacted to assist the growth of the manufacturing sector, primarily in the North. In 1832, in resistance to federal legislation increasing tariffs, South Carolina passed an ordinance of, a procedure in which a state would, in effect, repeal a Federal law. Soon a naval flotilla was sent to harbor, and the threat of landing ground troops was used to compel the collection of tariffs. A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced, but the underlying argument over states' rights continued to escalate in the following decades. At, 1841The second issue concerned slavery, primarily the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states. The issue was initially finessed by political compromises designed to balance the number of 'free' and 'slave' states.
The issue resurfaced in more virulent form, however, around the time of the, which raised the stakes by adding new territories primarily on the Southern side of the imaginary geographic divide. Congress opposed allowing slavery in these territories.Before the Civil War, the number of immigrants arriving at Southern ports began to increase, although the North continued to receive the most immigrants. Were among the first settlers in Charleston, along with the largest number of Orthodox Jews outside of. Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans, establishing a distinct now known as the. Germans also went to New Orleans and its environs, resulting in a large area north of the city (along the Mississippi) becoming known as the German Coast. Still greater numbers immigrated to Texas (especially after 1848), where many bought land and were farmers. Many more German immigrants arrived in Texas after the Civil War, where they created the brewing industry in Houston and elsewhere, became grocers in numerous cities, and also established wide areas of farming.By 1840, was the wealthiest city in the country and the third largest in population.
The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River. New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country, as traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South. The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South. Because of lack of investment, however, construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North. People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation.Civil War.
Historic Southern United States. The states in stripes were considered ', and gave varying degrees of support to the Southern cause although they remained in the Union. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, thus does not show West Virginia separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.By 1856, the South had lost control of Congress, and was no longer able to silence calls for an end to slavery—which came mostly from the more populated, of the North. The Republican Party, founded in 1854, pledged to stop the spread of slavery beyond those states where it already existed. After Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president in 1860, seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the before Lincoln was inaugurated. The United States government, both outgoing and incoming, refused to recognize the Confederacy, and when the new Confederate President ordered his troops to open fire on in April 1861, there was an overwhelming demand, North and South, for war.
Only the state of attempted to remain neutral, and it could only do so briefly. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as 'combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary' judicial or martial means, four more states decided to secede and join the Confederacy (which then moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia). Although the Confederacy had large supplies of captured munitions and many volunteers, it was slower than the Union in dealing with the border states.
By March 1862, the Union largely controlled Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, had shut down all commercial traffic from all Confederate ports, had prevented European recognition of the Confederate government, and was poised to seize New Orleans. Confederate dead of General Ewell's Corps who attacked the Union lines at the Battle of Spotsylvania, May 19, 1864.In the four years of war 1861–65 the South was the primary battleground, with all but two of the major battles taking place on Southern soil. Union forces relentlessly squeezed the Confederacy, controlling the border states in 1861, the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River and New Orleans in 1862, and the Mississippi River in 1863.
In the East, however, the Confederate Army under beat off attack after attack in its defense of their capital at Richmond. But when Lee tried to move north, he was repulsed (and nearly captured) at Sharpsburg (1862) and Gettysburg (1863).The Confederacy had the resources for a short war, but was unable to finance or supply a longer war.
It reversed the traditional low-tariff policy of the South by imposing a new 15% tax on all imports from the Union. The blockade stopped most commerce from entering the South, and smugglers avoided the tax, so the Confederate tariff produced too little revenue to finance the war. Inflated currency was the solution, but that created distrust of the Richmond government. Because of low investment in railroads, the Southern transportation system depended primarily on river and coastal traffic by boat; both were shut down by the. The small railroad system virtually collapsed, so that by 1864 internal travel was so difficult that the Confederate economy was crippled.The Confederate cause was hopeless by the time Atlanta fell and marched through Georgia in late 1864, but the rebels fought on, refusing to give up their independence until Lee's army surrendered in April 1865. All the Confederate forces surrendered, and the region moved into the.The South suffered much more than the North overall, as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties, and the total war waged by Sherman, Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress.
The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 men killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease, for a total of 260,000, out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and about 18% in the South. Northern military casualties exceeded Southern casualties in absolute numbers, but were two-thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected.Reconstruction and Jim Crow. 1871After the Civil War, the South was devastated in terms of population, and economy. Because of states' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen, Congress instituted Reconstruction governments.
It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established. Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised.
Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression. In addition, what limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war. At the same time, the North was rapidly industrializing.
To avoid the social effects of the war, most of the Southern states initially passed. Eventually, these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures, which existed for a short time during Reconstruction.There were thousands of people on the move, as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slaves sales, and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states.
Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs. At the same time, whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings. In some areas, many whites returned to the land to farm for a while. Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana, and later, Kansas.
Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands and Texas.With passage of the to the (which outlawed slavery), the (which granted full U.S. Citizenship to ) and the (which extended the right to vote to males), African Americans in the South were made free citizens and were given the right to vote. Under Federal protection, white and black formed constitutional conventions and state governments. Among their accomplishments were creating the first public education systems in Southern states, and providing for welfare through orphanages, hospitals and similar institutions.Northerners came south to participate in politics and business.
Some were representatives of the and other agencies of Reconstruction; some were with the intent to help black people. Some were adventurers who hoped to benefit themselves by questionable methods. They were all condemned with the pejorative term of.
Some Southerners also took advantage of the disrupted environment and made money off various schemes, including bonds and financing for railroads.Secret organizations such as the —an organization sworn to perpetuate —had arisen quickly after the war's end and used, physical attacks, house burnings and other forms of intimidation to keep African Americans from exercising their political rights. Although the first Klan was disrupted by prosecution by the Federal government in the early 1870s, other groups persisted. By the mid-to-late-1870s, elite Southerners created increasing resistance to the altered social structure.
Such as the in (1874), the in (1875) and rifle clubs, all 'White Line' organizations, used organized violence against, both black and white, to remove Republicans from political office, repress and bar black voting, and restore the to power. In 1876 white Democrats regained power in most of the state legislatures. They began to pass laws designed to strip African Americans and from the voter registration rolls. The success of late-19th century interracial coalitions in several states inspired a reaction among some white Democrats, who worked harder to prevent both groups from voting.Despite discrimination, many blacks became property owners in areas that were still developing. For instance, 90% of the Mississippi's bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped after the war. By the end of the century, two-thirds of the farmers in Mississippi's Delta bottomlands were black.
They had cleared the land themselves and often made money in early years by selling off timber. Tens of thousands of migrants went to the Delta, both to work as laborers to clear timber for lumber companies, and many to develop their own farms. Nonetheless, the long agricultural depression, along with disenfranchisement and lack of access to credit, led to many blacks in the Delta losing their property by 1910 and becoming sharecroppers or landless workers over the following decade. More than two generations of free African Americans lost their stake in property.
Child laborers, 1913Nearly all Southerners, black and white, suffered as a result of the Civil War. Within a few years cotton production and harvest was back to pre-war levels, but low prices through much of the 19th century hampered recovery. They encouraged immigration by and laborers into the Mississippi Delta.
While the first Chinese entered as indentured laborers from, the majority came in the early 20th century. Neither group stayed long at rural farm labor.
The Chinese became merchants and established stores in small towns throughout the Delta, establishing a place between white and black.Migrations continued in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among both blacks and whites. In the last two decades of the 19th century about 141,000 blacks left the South, and more after 1900, totaling a loss of 537,000. After that the movement increased in what became known as the Great Migration from 1910 to 1940, and the Second Great Migration through 1970. Even more whites left the South, some going to for opportunities and others heading to Northern industrial cities after 1900. Between 1880 and 1910, the loss of whites totaled 1,243,000. Five million more left between 1940 and 1970.From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, along with Oklahoma upon statehood, passed constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers—such as, residency requirements and —that were hard for many poor to meet.
Most African Americans, most Mexican Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites were disfranchised, losing the vote for decades. In some states, temporarily exempted white illiterates from literacy tests.
The numbers of voters dropped drastically throughout the former Confederacy as a result. This can be seen via the feature 'Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections' at the University of Texas’ Politics: Barriers to Voting. Alabama, which had established universal white suffrage in 1819 when it became a state, also substantially reduced voting by poor whites.controlled legislatures passed to segregate public facilities and services, including transportation.While African Americans, poor whites and civil rights groups started litigation against such provisions in the early 20th century, for decades decisions overturning such provisions were rapidly followed by new state laws with new devices to restrict voting.
Most blacks in the former Confederacy and Oklahoma could not vote until 1965, after passage of the Voting Rights Act and Federal enforcement to ensure people could register. Despite increases in the eligible voting population with the inclusion of women, blacks, and those eighteen and over throughout this period, turnout in ex-Confederate states remained below the national average throughout the 20th century. Not until the late 1960s did all American citizens regain protected civil rights by passage of legislation following the leadership of the.Late 19th and 20th century—industrialization and Great Migration. An illustrated depiction of black people picking cotton, 1913At the end of the 19th century, white Democrats in the South had created state constitutions that were hostile to industry and business development, with anti-industrial laws extensive from the time new constitutions were adopted in the 1890s. Banking was limitedas was access to credit. States persisted in agricultural economies. Especially in Alabama and Florida, rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities, and legislators resisted business and modernizing interests: Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972, long after major population and economic shifts to cities.
For decades Birmingham generated the majority of revenue for the state, for instance, but received little back in services or infrastructure.In the late 19th century, Texas rapidly expanded its railroad network, creating a network of cities connected on a radial plan and linked to the port of Galveston. It was the first state in which urban and economic development proceeded independently of rivers, the primary transportation network of the past. A reflection of increasing industry were strikes and labor unrest: 'in 1885 Texas ranked ninth among forty states in number of workers involved in strikes (4,000); for the six-year period it ranked fifteenth. Seventy-five of the one hundred strikes, chiefly interstate strikes of telegraphers and railway workers, occurred in the year 1886.' By 1890 became the largest city in Texas, and by 1900 it had a population of more than 42,000, which more than doubled to over 92,000 a decade later. Dallas was the harnessmaking capital of the world and a center of other manufacturing.
As an example of its ambitions, in 1907 Dallas built the Praetorian Building, fifteen storeys tall and the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi, soon to be followed by other skyscrapers. Texas was transformed by a railroad network linking five important cities, among them Houston with its nearby port at Galveston, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and El Paso.
Each exceeded fifty thousand in population by 1920, with the major cities having three times that population.Business interests were ignored by the Southern Democrat ruling class. Nonetheless, major new industries started developing in cities such as Atlanta, GA; Birmingham, AL; and Dallas, Fort Worth and, Texas. Growth began occurring at a geometric rate. Birmingham became a major steel producer and mining town, with major population growth in the early decades of the 20th century.The first major oil well in the South was drilled at near, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the. The resulting 'Oil Boom' permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the most significant economic expansion after the Civil War.In the early 20th century, invasion of the devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to African Americans' decisions to leave the South. From 1910 to 1970, more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the to Northern and Western cities, defecting from persistent, violence, poor education, and inability to vote.
Black migration transformed many Northern and Western cities, creating new cultures and music. Many African Americans, like other groups, became industrial workers; others started their own businesses within the communities. Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, and Los Angeles, where they took jobs in the booming new auto and defense industry. Photo of family in Walker County, Alabama, circa 1937Later, the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the and the.
After the, the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed. Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939, an ecological disaster of severe wind and caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas, the region, and the surrounding plains, in which over 500,000 were homeless, hungry and jobless. Thousands left the region forever to seek economic opportunities along the.President noted the South as the 'number one priority' in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression. His administration created programs such as the in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development. Locked into low-productivity agriculture, the region's growth was slowed by limited industrial development, low levels of entrepreneurship, and the lack of capital investment.marked a time of change in the South as new industries and military bases were developed by the Federal government, providing badly needed capital and infrastructure in many regions.
People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region's many bases and new industries. Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco to include, and other foods.Industrial growth increased in the 1960s and greatly accelerated into the 1980s and 1990s. Several large urban areas in Texas, Georgia, and Florida grew to over four million people. Rapid expansion in industries such as autos, telecommunications, textiles, technology, banking, and aviation gave some states in the South an industrial strength to rival large states elsewhere in the country. By the 2000 census, the South (along with the West) was leading the nation in population growth.
With this growth, however, has come long commute times and air pollution problems in cities such as Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, and others that rely on sprawling development and highway networks.Modern economy In the late 20th century, the South changed dramatically. It saw a boom in its, manufacturing base, high technology industries, and the financial sector. Texas in particular witnessed dramatic growth and population change with the dominance of the energy industry and tourism such as the in. In, photographed in 1935Several Southern states (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) were British colonies that sent delegates to sign the and then fought against the government along with the Northern colonies during the.
The basis for much Southern culture derives from the pride in these states being among the 13 original colonies, and from the fact that much of the population of the South has strong ancestral links to Colonists who emigrated west. Southern manners and customs reflect the relationship with England and Africa that was held by the early population, with some influences being provided by the Native American populations of the area.Overall, the South has had lower percentages of high school graduates, lower housing values, lower household incomes, and lower cost of living than the rest of the United States. Plays in American football for the 2010American football, especially at the college and high school level, is by far the most popular team sport in most areas of the Southern United States.The region is home to numerous decorated and historic programs, particularly in the (known as the 'SEC'), (known as the 'ACC'), and the. The SEC, consisting entirely of teams based in Southern states, is widely considered to be the strongest league in contemporary college football and includes the, the program with the most national championships in the sport's history.
The sport is also highly competitive and has a spectator following at the, particularly in rural areas where high school football games often serve as prominent community gatherings.Though not as popular on a wider basis as the collegiate game, professional football also has a growing tradition in the Southern United States. Before league expansion began in the 1960s, the only established professional team based in the South was the, who still retain a large following in most of Virginia, and parts of Maryland.
Later on, the merger-era began to expand into the football-crazed Deep South in the 1960s with franchises like the, and most prominently the, who overtook Washington as the region's most popular team and eventually became widely considered the most popular team in the United States. Vs face-off during the in the division ofBaseball has been played in the Southern United States since at least the years leading up to the American Civil War. It was traditionally more popular than American football until the 1980s, and still accounts for the largest annual attendance amongst sports played in the South. The first mention of a baseball team in Houston was on April 11, 1861. 19th century and early 20th century games were common, especially once the professional leagues such as the, the, and the were organized.The short-lived were a part of the early and, but ceased to exist in 1899. The first Southern Major League Baseball team after the Colonels appeared in 1962 when the Houston Colt.45s (known today as the ) were enfranchised.
Later, the came in 1966, followed by the in 1972, and finally the and in the 1990s.College baseball appears to be more well attended in the Southern U.S. Than elsewhere, as teams like, and are commonly at the top of the 's attendance. The South generally produces very successful collegiate baseball teams as well, with Virginia, Vanderbilt, LSU, and South Carolina winning recent College World Series Titles.The following is a list of best-attended baseball teams in the Southern U.S.:RankTeamLeague2018 overallannual attendance1American League2,980,54922,555,78132,529,60442,107,1075American League1,564,1926American League1,154,9737National League811,104Auto racing. The start of the, the biggest race in, at inThe Southern states are commonly associated with and its most prominent competition, which is based in. The sport was developed in the Deep South in the early 20th century, with stock car racing's historic mecca being, where cars initially raced on the wide, flat beachfront before the construction of. Though the sport has attained a following throughout the United States, a majority of NASCAR races continue to take place at Southern tracks.Basketball is very popular throughout the Southern United States as both a recreational and spectator sport, particularly in the states of and which are home to several historically prominent programs. Prominent teams based in the South include the, and the.Golf is a popular recreational sport in most areas of the South, with the region's warm climate allowing it to host many professional tournaments and numerous destination golf resorts, particularly in the state of.
The region is home to, an elite invitational competition played at in, which has become one of the professional game's most important tournaments.Soccer In recent decades, known in the South as in the rest of the United States as 'soccer', has become a popular sport at youth and collegiate levels throughout the region. The game has been historically widespread at the college level in the Atlantic coast states of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, which contain many of the nation's most successful college soccer programs.The establishment of has led to professional soccer clubs in the Southern cities including,. A rally against school integration in 1959.In the first decades after Reconstruction, when white Democrats regained power in the state legislatures, they began to make voter registration more complicated, to reduce black voting. With a combination of intimidation, fraud and violence by paramilitary groups, they suppressed black voting and turned Republicans out of office. From 1890 to 1908, ten of eleven states ratified new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most black voters and many poor white voters. This disfranchisement persisted for six decades into the 20th century, depriving blacks and poor whites of all political representation. Because they could not vote, they could not sit on juries.
They had no one to represent their interests, resulting in state legislatures consistently underfunding programs and services, such as schools, for blacks and poor whites.With the collapse of the Republican Party in nearly all parts of the South, the region became known as the “”, and the Democratic Party after 1900 moved to a system of primaries to select their candidates. Victory in a primary was. From the late 1870s to the 1960s, only rarely was a state or national Southern politician a Republican, apart from a few Appalachian mountain districts. Republicans, however, continued to control parts of the Appalachian Mountains and compete for power in the Border States. Apart from a few states (such as the in Virginia, the in Memphis), and a few other local organizations, the Democratic Party itself was very lightly organized. It managed primaries but party officials had little other role.
To be successful a politician built his own network of friends, neighbors and allies. Reelection was the norm, and the result from 1910 to the late 20th century was that Southern Democrats in Congress had accumulated seniority, and automatically took the chairmanships of all committees. By the 1940s the Supreme Court began to find disfranchisement measures like the “grandfather clause” and the white primary unconstitutional.
Southern legislatures quickly passed other measures to keep blacks disfranchised, even after suffrage was extended more widely to poor whites. Because white Democrats controlled all the Southern seats in Congress they had outsize power in Congress and could sidetrack or efforts by Northerners to pass legislation against lynching, for example.Increasing support for civil rights legislation by the national Democratic Party beginning in 1948 caused segregationist Southern Democrats to nominate on a third-party “Dixiecrat” ticket in 1948. These Dixiecrats returned to the party by 1950, but Southern Democrats held off Republican inroads in the suburbs by arguing that only they could defend the region from the onslaught of northern liberals and the.
In response to the ruling of 1954, 101 Southern congressmen (19 senators, 82 House members of which 99 were Southern Democrats and 2 were Republicans) in 1956 denounced the Brown decisions as a 'clear abuse of judicial power that climaxes a trend in the federal judiciary undertaking to legislate in derogation of the authority of Congress and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people.' The manifesto lauded, “.those states which have declared the intention to resist enforced integration by any lawful means”. It was signed by all Southern senators except Majority Leader, and Tennessee senators. Virginia closed schools in, and rather than integrate, but no other state followed suit.
Democratic governors of Arkansas, of Mississippi, of Texas, of Georgia, and, especially, of Alabama resisted integration and appealed to a rural and electorate. US president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic.The northern Democrats’ support of civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President signed into law the and the, which ended legal segregation and provided federal enforcement of voting rights for blacks. In the, ’s only electoral victories outside his home state of were in the states of the where few blacks could vote before the 1965 Voting Rights Act.Pockets of resistance to integration in public places broke out in violence during the 1960s by the shadowy, which caused a backlash among moderates. Major resistance to school busing extending into the 1970s.National Republicans such as began to develop their to attract conservative white Southerners, especially the middle class and suburban voters, in addition to migrants from the North and traditional GOP pockets in Appalachia. The transition to a Republican stronghold in the South took decades.
First, the states started voting Republican in presidential elections, except for native sons in 1976 and in 1992 and 1996. Then the states began electing Republican senators and finally governors.
Georgia was the last state to do so, with taking the governorship in 2002. In addition to its middle class and business base, Republicans cultivated the religious right and attracted strong majorities from the evangelical or Fundamentalist vote, mostly Southern Baptists, which had not been a distinct political force prior to 1980.After the 2012 elections, the eleven states of the former Confederacy were represented by 98 Republicans, 40 Democrats. Presidents from the South The South produced nine of the first twelve Presidents prior to the Civil War. For more than a century after the Civil War, no politician from an antebellum slave state became President unless he either moved North (like ) or was vice president when the president died in office (like, and ). In 1976, defied this trend and became the first Southerner to break the pattern since in 1848. The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents: (1963–69), (1977–81), (1989–93), (1993–2001) and (2001–2009). Johnson was a native of Texas, while Carter is from Georgia, and Clinton from Arkansas.
While George H.W. Bush and George W.
Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in and have their ancestral roots in that region.Other politicians and political movements. Newly-elected speaking with in 1978.
Carter and Clinton were both and elected to the presidencies in and.The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In 1948, a group of Democratic congressmen, led by Governor of South Carolina, split from the Democrats in reaction to an anti-segregation speech given by mayor and future senator of. They founded the States Rights Democratic or Party.
During that year's Presidential election, the party ran Thurmond as its candidate and he carried four Deep South states.In the, Alabama Governor ran for President on the ticket. Wallace ran a “law and order” campaign similar to that of Republican candidate,. Nixon's of gaining electoral votes downplayed race issues and focused on culturally conservative values, such as family issues, patriotism, and cultural issues that appealed to.In, another Southern politician, led the, ushering in twelve years of GOP control of the House. Gingrich became in 1995 and served until his resignation in 1999. Was the most powerful Republican leader in Congress until he was indicted under criminal charges in 2005 and was forced to step aside by Republican rules. Apart from from Kansas (1985–96), the recent Republican Senate Leaders have been Southerners: (1981–1985) of Tennessee, (1996–2003) of Mississippi, (2003–2006) of Tennessee, and (2007–present) of Kentucky.The Republicans candidates for President have won the South in elections since, except for. The region is not, however, entirely monolithic, and every successful Democratic candidate since 1976 has claimed at least three Southern states.
Won Florida, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia in 2008 but did not repeat his victory in North Carolina during his 2012 reelection campaign. Race relations. Was commonplace in the South until the 1960s.The South witnessed two major events in the lives of 20th century African Americans: the and the.The Great Migration began during World War I, hitting its high point during World War II. During this migration, blacks left the South to find work in Northern factories and other sectors of the economy.The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement. While the movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against disfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the, the Mississippi, the March on, and the assassination of. In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's '.
Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The in Birmingham includes the which details Birmingham's role as the epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement. The served as a rallying point for coordinating and carrying out the well as the adjacent that served as ground zero for the infamous children's protest that eventually led to the passage of the has been rededicated as a place of 'Revolution and Reconciliation' and is now the setting of moving sculptures related to the battle for Civil Rights in the city, both are center pieces of the. The in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King, Jr.' S boyhood home on Auburn Avenue.
Additionally, is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center, location of Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King's gravesites.The Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow laws across the South. A second migration appears to be underway, with in record numbers. While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South, the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality.
According to 2003 report by researchers at the, and were the five most integrated of the nation's fifty largest cities, with at number six. Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between blacks and whites relative to the rest of the country. Symbolism Some Southerners use the to identify themselves with the South, states' rights and Southern tradition.Groups, such as the, have a high regard for the secession movement of 1860, citing a desire to protect and defend Southern heritage. Numerous political battles have erupted over flying the Confederate flag over state capitols, and the naming of public buildings or highways after Confederate leaders, the prominence of certain statues, and the everyday display of Confederate insignia.Other symbols of the South include the, trees, and the song '. Major cities The South was heavily rural as late as the 1940s, but now the population is increasingly concentrated in metropolitan areas. The following tables show the twenty largest cities, metropolitan, and combined statistical areas in the South. Is the largest city in the South.
Albania. Argentina.
Armenia. Australia. Bangladesh. Belgium. Brazil. Cambodia.
Canada. Chile. China. Czech Republic. Denmark. Europe. Finland.
France. Georgia. Germany.
Greece. Haiti. Hungary. Iceland. India. Indonesia.
Ireland. Israel. Italy. Japan. Kenya. Korea.
Lebanon. Malaysia. Malta. Netherlands. New Zealand. Norway.
Palestine. Philippines.
Poland. Online political cartoons.
Portugal. Russia. Serbia. Singapore.
Spain. Sweden. Switzerland. Ukraine. United Kingdom.
United States.
“Jacques Poulin is one of the finest and most underrated novelists in Quebec. Volkswagen Blues confirms his calibre as a writer, and may give him the. 1 The year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of Governor General’s Award-winner Jacques Poulin’s popular novel Volkswagen Blues. The novel Volkswagen Blues is a novel that was written by Jacques Poulin. It was originally published in French in, and was translated into English inAuthor:Nikogami MezisarCountry:MaliLanguage:English (Spanish)Genre:LovePublished (Last):11 December 2005Pages:322PDF File Size:13.60 MbePub File Size:10.18 MbISBN:975-3-89966-931-3Downloads:60498Price:Free.Free Regsitration RequiredUploader:Good book club book.
I first read this novel several years ago and found it slightly strange. In the novel Volkswagen Blues by Jacques Poulin, The forty year old protagonist with vokkswagen pen name Jack Watermark experiences a bout of writer’s block so he sets out on a journey to find his brother who has been gone for twenty years.While driving he finds love and gets to know the history of how the Indians were exterminated and how America was populated. Volkswagen Blues by Jacques Poulin LibraryThingIn fact, the only Native figures that seem to offer any sense of community are themselves dead. One page later, when he picks her up on the side of the road, she is still barefoot and poulun not enter the van until the cat explores it and ensures that it is safe. An Insatiable Craving for Book on. She is conflicted, once again, between the artificial binaries of the pre-modern Indian and the modern white man: Following the Oregon Trail was interesting, but there are some droll moments.Jun 22, Jennifer rated it really liked it.It’s a wonderful book.
The novel does, after all, acknowledge the violence and genocide that permitted the colonization and settlement of the Americas. Throughout some of these allusions add for a deeper level of understanding. We don’t know their full names, we don’t know their age or so many other things. Aug 02, Virginie Roy rated it really liked it. This book can only be described as “delightful”. The geographical journey — through Detroit, into Chicago, on to St. This book is more a book for adults as it may be too anticlimactic for younger readers.
Metaphor for Quebec needing to stop looking backward Je me souviens and figure out how to get along with others in the present?To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. I love your comments about Quebec French.Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with French-language external links. I enjoyed being with Jack and La Grande Sauterelle, two persons who are very different but adjust to each other and live in harmony. Google Books — Loading Notify me of new posts via email. The very persistence of Native cultures in such an era, however, is testament to their endurance.poulib Harel sees this as an escapist search for the absolute that ultimately reconfirms the new reality of the hybrid nature of Quebec Brian Swann and Arnold Krupat.
At least, the outcome. Volkswagen BluesThe Shifting Spaces of Canadian Literature. I just couldn’t stop reading, I felt like I knew both main characters, even though not many specific details are given about them. Volkswagen Blues has bluez music of mild rain, a comforting sound. This is not to say, however, that there are no examples of potential change.
Sep 08, Samantha rated it it was ok. A Canada Reads Selection. It calls attention to the violence of European exploitation and volkswxgen of Indigenous peoples and land.